0 Drinking water quality standards

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Drinking water quality standards describes the quality parameters set for drinking water . Despite the truism that every human on this planet needs drinking water to survive and that water can contain many harmful constituents, there are no universally recognised and accepted international standards for drinking water. Even where standards do exist, and are applied, the permitted concentration of individual constituents may vary by as much as ten times from one set of standards to another.

Many developed countries specify standards to be applied in their own country. In Europe this includes the Drinking water directive and in the USA the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes down standards as required by the Safe Drinking Water Act. For countries without a legislative or administrative framework for such standards, the World Health Organisation publishes guidelines on the standards that should be achieved.

Where standards do exist most are expressed as guidelines or targets and very few have any legal basis or are subject to enforcement. The European Drinking Water Directive and the Safe Water Act in the USA are two exceptions where there is a requirement to legally comply with specific standards.

In Europe this includes a requirement for member states to enact appropriate local legislation to mandate the directive in each country. Routine inspection and, where required, enforcement is enacted by means of penalties imposed by the European Commission on non-compliant nations.

Countries with guideline values as their standards include Canada which has guideline values for a relatively small suite of parameters, New Zealand where there is a legislative basis but water providers have to make "best endeavours" to comply with the standards and Australia

Range of standards

Although drinking water standards are frequently referred to as if they are simple lists of parametric values, standards documents also specify sampling location choice, sampling methods, laboratory analytical methods and laboratory AQC. In addition a number of standards documents also make reference to the statistical treatment of results, dealing with temporal and seasonal variations, summation of related parameters and treatment of apparently aberrant results.

Parametric values

(Parametric value also has a specific and different mathematical meaning)

A parametric value in this context is most commonly the concentration of a substance, e.g. 30 mg/l of Iron. It may also be a count such as 500 E. coli per litre or a statistical value such as the average concentration of copper is 2 mg/l. Many countries not only specify parametric values that may have health impacts but also specify parametric values for a range of constituents that by themselves are unlikely to have any impact on health. These include colour, turbidity, pH and the organoleptic parameters (taste and smell).

It is possible and technically acceptable to refer to the same parameter in different ways that may appear to suggest a variation in the standard required. For example, Nitrite may be measured as Nitrite ion or expressed as N. A standard of Nitrite as N of 1.4 mg/l would be equal to a nitrite ion concentration of 4.6 mg/l - an apparent difference of nearly three fold.

Australian standards

Drinking water quality standards in Australia have been developed by the Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) in the form of the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. These guidelines provide contaminant limits (pathogen, aesthetic, organic, inorganic and radiological) as well as guidance on applying limits for the management of drinking water in Australian drinking water treatment and distribution systems.

European Union standards

The following parametric standards are included in the Drinking Water directive and are expected to be enforced by appropriate legislation in every country in the European Union. Simple parametric values are reproduced here but in many cases the original directive also provides caveats and notes about many of the values given.

• Acrylamide 0.10 μg/l
• Antimony 5.0 μg/l
• Arsenic 10 μg/l
• Benzene 1.0 μg/l
• Benzo(a)pyrene 0.010 μg/l
• Boron 1.0 mg/l
• Bromate 10 μg/l
• Cadmium 5.0 μg/l
• Chromium 50 μg/l
• Copper 2.0 mg/l
• Cyanide 50 μg/l
• 1,2-dichloroethane 3.0 μg/l
• Epichlorohydrin 0.10 μg/l
• Fluoride 1.5 mg/l
• Lead 10 μg/l
• Mercury 1.0 μg/l
• Nickel 20 μg/l
• Nitrate 50 mg/l
• Nitrite 0.50 mg/l
• Pesticides 0.10 μg/l
• Pesticides - Total 0.50 μg/l
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 0.10 μg/l Sum of concentrations of specified compounds;
• Selenium 10 μg/l
• Tetrachloroethene and Trichloroethene 10 μg/l Sum of concentrations of specified parameters
• Trihalomethanes — Total 100 μg/l Sum of concentrations of specified compounds
• Vinyl chloride 0.50 μg/l

United States standards

In the USA the legislation controlling drinking water quality is the Safe Water Act which is implemented federally by the EPA. However many individual States also apply their own standards which may be more rigorous or include additional parameters. Standards set by the EPA in the USA are not international standards since they apply to a single country. However many countries look to the USA for appropriate scientific and public health guidance and may adopt USA standards.

World Health Organisation guidelines

These guidelines include the following recommended limits on naturally occurring constituents that may have direct adverse health impact:

• Arsenic 10μg/l
• Barium 700μg/l
• Boron 2400μg/l
• Chromium 50μg/l
• Fluoride 1500μg/l
• Selenium 40μg/l
• Uranium 30μg/l

For man-made pollutants potentially occurring in drinking water the following standards are proposed.

• Cadmium 3μg/l
• Mercury 6μg/l For inorganic mercury

Organic species:

• Benzene 10μg/l
• Carbon tetrachloride 4μg/l
• 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000μg/l
• 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300μg/l
• 1,2-Dichloroethane 30μg/l
• 1,2-Dichloroethene 50μg/l
• Dichloromethane 20μg/l
• Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8 μg/l
• 1,4-Dioxane 50μg/l
• Edetic acid 600μg/l
• Ethylbenzene 300 μg/l
• Hexachlorobutadiene 0.6 μg/l
• Nitrilotriacetic acid 200μg/l
• Pentachlorophenol 9μg/l
• Styrene 20μg/l
• Tetrachloroethene 40μg/l
• Toluene 700μg/l
• Trichloroethene 20μg/l
• Xylenes 500μg/l

Comparison of parametric values

The following table provides a comparison of a selection of parameters concentrations listed by WHO, the European Union and the EPA.

" indicates that no standard has been identified by editors of this article and ns indicates that no standard exists.

Parameter	World Health Organization	European Union	United States
Acrylamide	“	0.10 μg/	“
Arsenic	10μg/l	0.1 μg/l	10μg/l
Antimony	ns	5.0 μg/l	“
Barium	700μg/l	ns	“
Benzene	10μg/l	1.0 μg/l	“
Benzo(a)pyrene	“	0.010 μg/l	“
Boron	2.4mg/l	1,0 mg/l	“
Bromate	“	10 μg/l	“
Cadmium	3μg/l	5,0 μg/l	“
Chromium	50μg/l	50 μg/l	“
Copper	“	2.0 mg/l	“
Cyanide	“	50 μg/l	“
1,2-dichloroethane	“	3.0 μg/l	“
Epichlorohydrin	“	0.10 μg/l	“
Fluoride	1.5 mg/l	1.5 mg/l	4 mg/l
Lead	“	10 μg/l	15 μg/l
Mercury	6μg/l	1.0 μg/l	“
Nickel	“	20 μg/l	“
Nitrate	“	50 mg/l	“
Nitrite	“	0.50 mg/l	“
Pesticides (individual)	“	0.10 μg/ l	“
Pesticides — Total	“	0.50 μg/l	“
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons l	“	0.10 μg/	“
Selenium	40μg/l	10 μg/l	“
Tetrachloroethene and Trichloroethene	40μg/l	10 μg/l	“

0 WHO's drinking water standards 1993

WHO's Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, set up in Geneva, 1993, are the international reference point for standard setting and drinking-water safety.

Element/ substance	Symbol/ formula	Normally found in fresh water/surface water/ground water	Health based guideline by the WHO
Aluminium	Al		0,2 mg/l
Ammonia	NH4	< 0,2 mg/l (up to 0,3 mg/l in anaerobic waters)	No guideline
Antimony	Sb	< 4 μg/l	0.005 mg/l
Arsenic	As		0,01 mg/l
Asbestos			No guideline
Barium	Ba		0,3 mg/l
Berillium	Be	< 1 μg/l	No guideline
Boron	B	< 1 mg/l	0,3 mg/l
Cadmium	Cd	< 1 μg/l	0,003 mg/l
Chloride	Cl		250 mg/l
Chromium	Cr+3, Cr+6	< 2 μg/l	0,05 mg/l
Colour			Not mentioned
Copper	Cu		2 mg/l
Cyanide	CN-		0,07 mg/l
Dissolved oxygen	O2		No guideline
Fluoride	F	< 1,5 mg/l (up to 10)	1,5 mg/l
Hardness	mg/l CaCO3		No guideline
Hydrogen sulfide	H2S		No guideline
Iron	Fe	0,5 - 50 mg/l	No guideline
Lead	Pb		0,01 mg/l
Manganese	Mn		0,5 mg/l
Mercury	Hg	< 0,5 μg/l	0,001 mg/l
Molybdenum	Mb	< 0,01 mg/l	0,07 mg/l
Nickel	Ni	< 0,02 mg/l	0,02 mg/l
Nitrate and nitrite	NO3, NO2		50 mg/l total nitrogen
Turbidity			Not mentioned
pH			No guideline
Selenium	Se	< < 0,01 mg/l	0,01 mg/l
Silver	Ag	5 – 50 μg/l	No guideline
Sodium	Na	< 20 mg/l	200 mg/l
Sulfate	SO4		500 mg/l
Inorganic tin	Sn		No guideline
TDS			No guideline
Uranium	U		1,4 mg/l
Zinc	Zn		3 mg/l

Organic compounds

Group	Substance			Formula	Health based guideline by the WHO
Chlorinated alkanes	Carbon tetrachloride			C Cl4	2 μg/l
	Dichloromethane			C H2 Cl2	20 μg/l
	1,1-Dichloroethane			C2 H4 Cl2	No guideline
	1,2-Dichloroethane			Cl CH2 CH2 Cl	30 μg/l
	1,1,1-Trichloroethane			CH3 C Cl3	2000 μg/l
Chlorinated ethenes	1,1-Dichloroethene			C2 H2 Cl2	30 μg/l
	1,2-Dichloroethene			C2 H2 Cl2	50 μg/l
	Trichloroethene			C2 H Cl3	70 μg/l
	Tetrachloroethene			C2 Cl4	40 μg/l
Aromatic hydrocarbons	Benzene			C6 H6	10 μg/l
	Toluene			C7 H8	700 μg/l
	Xylenes			C8 H10	500 μg/l
	Ethylbenzene			C8 H10	300 μg/l
	Styrene			C8 H8	20 μg/l
	Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)			C2 H3 N1 O5 P13	0.7 μg/l
Chlorinated benzenes	Monochlorobenzene (MCB)			C6 H5 Cl	300 μg/l
	Dichlorobenzenes (DCBs)		1,2-Dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB)	C6 H4 Cl2	1000 μg/l
			1,3-Dichlorobenzene (1,3-DCB)	C6 H4 Cl2	No guideline
			1,4-Dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB)	C6 H4 Cl2	300 μg/l
	Trichlorobenzenes (TCBs)			C6 H3 Cl3	20 μg/l
Miscellaneous organic constituents	Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA)			C22 H42 O4	80 μg/l
	Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)			C24 H38 O4	8 μg/l
	Acrylamide			C3 H5 N O	0.5 μg/l
	Epichlorohydrin (ECH)			C3 H5 Cl O	0.4 μg/l
	Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD)			C4 Cl6	0.6 μg/l
	Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)			C10 H12 N2 O8	200 μg/l
	Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)			N(CH2COOH)3	200 μg/l
	Organotins	Dialkyltins		R2 Sn X2	No guideline
		Tributil oxide (TBTO)		C24 H54 O Sn2	2 μg/l

Pesticides

Substance		Formula	Health based guideline by the WHO
Alachlor		C14 H20 Cl N O2	20 μg/l
Aldicarb		C7 H14 N2 O4 S	10 μg/l
Aldrin and dieldrin		C12 H8 Cl6/ C12 H8 Cl6 O	0.03 μg/l
Atrazine		C8 H14 Cl N5	2 μg/l
Bentazone		C10 H12 N2 O3 S	30 μg/l
Carbofuran		C12 H15 N O3	5 μg/l
Chlordane		C10 H6 Cl8	0.2 μg/l
Chlorotoluron		C10 H13 Cl N2 O	30 μg/l
DDT		C14 H9 Cl5	2 μg/l
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane		C3 H5 Br2 Cl	1 μg/l
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)		C8 H6 Cl2 O3	30 μg/l
1,2-Dichloropropane		C3 H6 Cl2	No guideline
1,3-Dichloropropane		C3 H6 Cl2	20 μg/l
1,3-Dichloropropene		CH3 CHClCH2 Cl	No guideline
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)		Br CH2 CH2 Br	No guideline
Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide		C10 H5 Cl7	0.03 μg/l
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)		C10 H5 Cl7 O	1 μg/l
Isoproturon		C12 H18 N2 O	9 μg/l
Lindane		C6 H6 Cl6	2 μg/l
MCPA		C9 H9 Cl O3	2 μg/l
Methoxychlor		(C6H4OCH3)2CHCCl3	20 μg/l
Metolachlor		C15 H22 Cl N O2	10 μg/l
Molinate		C9 H17 N O S	6 μg/l
Pendimethalin		C13 H19 O4 N3	20 μg/l
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)		C6 H Cl5 O	9 μg/l
Permethrin		C21 H20 Cl2 O3	20 μg/l
Propanil		C9 H9 Cl2 N O	20 μg/l
Pyridate		C19H23ClN2O2S	100 μg/l
Simazine		C7 H12 Cl N5	2 μg/l
Trifluralin		C13 H16 F3 N3 O4	20 μg/l
Chlorophenoxy herbicides (excluding 2,4-D and MCPA)	2,4-DB	C10 H10 Cl2 O3	90 μg/l
	Dichlorprop	C9 H8 Cl2 03	100 μg/l
	Fenoprop	C9H7Cl3O3	9 μg/l
	MCPB	C11 H13 Cl O3	No guideline
	Mecoprop	C10H11ClO3	10 μg/l
	2,4,5-T	C8 H5 Cl3 O3	9 μg/l

Disinfectants and disinfectant by-products

Group	Substance				Formula	Health based guideline by the WHO
Disinfectants	Chloramines				NHnCl(3-n), where n = 0, 1 or 2	3 mg/l
	Chlorine				Cl2	5 mg/l
	Chlorine dioxide				ClO2	No guideline
	Iodine				I2	No guideline
Disinfectant by-products	Bromate				Br O3-	25 μg/l
	Chlorate				Cl O3-	No guideline
	Chlorite				Cl O2-	200 μg/l
	Chlorophenols	2-Chlorophenol (2-CP)			C6 H5 Cl O	No guideline
		2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP)			C6 H4 Cl2 O	No guideline
		2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP)			C6 H3 Cl3 O	200 μg/l
	Formaldehyde				HCHO	900 μg/l
	MX (3-Chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone)				C5 H3 Cl3 O3	No guideline
	Trihalomethanes		Bromoform		C H Br3	100 μg/l
			Dibromochloromethane		CH Br2 Cl	100 μg/l
			Bromodichloromethane		CH Br Cl2	60 μg/l
			Chloroform		CH Cl3	200 μg/l
	Chlorinated acetic acids			Monochloroacetic acid	C2 H3 Cl O2	No guideline
				Dichloroacetic acid	C2 H2 Cl2 O2	50 μg/l
				Trichloroacetic acid	C2 H Cl3 O2	100 μg/l
	Chloral hydrate (trichloroacetaldehyde)				C Cl3 CH(OH)2	10 μg/l
	Chloroacetones				C3 H5 O Cl	No guideline
	Halogenated acetonitriles			Dichloroacetonitrile	C2 H Cl2 N	90 μg/l
				Dibromoacetonitrile	C2 H Br2 N	100 μg/l
				Bromochloroacetonitrile	CH Cl2 CN	No guideline
				Trichloroacetonitrile	C2 Cl3 N	1 μg/l
	Cyanogen chloride				Cl CN	70 μg/l
	Chloropicrin				C Cl3 NO2	No guideline

0 Rusaknya Kualitas Air

Ketersediaan data dan informasi hidrologi yang memadai, akurat, tepat waktu dan berkesinambungan sudah menjadi tuntutan mendesak untuk dapat segera diwujudkan, sebagaimana yang diamanatkan dalam Undang-Undang Sumber Daya Air No. 7 Tahun 2004. Namun kenyataannya hingga saat ini kualitas data hidrologi yang ada, dapat dikatakan secara umum masih rendah. Sehingga untuk mewujudkan cita-cita tersebut harus didukung usaha pengelolaan hidrologi yang lebih professional mulai dari tingkat Pusat hingga Daerah.

Pengelolaan hidrologi merupakan kegiatan yang mencakup perencanaan, inventarisasi, pengolahan, pemanfaatan, pemeliharaan dan pengawasan baik data dan informasi hidrologi, pos / bangunan hidrologi, termasuk peralatan hidrologi sebagai bagian dari pengelolaan sumber daya air. Di antara dampak negatif dari industri, emisi gas buang kendaraan, maupun pertambangan adalah terjadinya pencemaran udara. Semakin lama udara / atmosfir bumii jenuh dengan bahan - bahan pencemar, maka gumpalan awan hujanpun akan tercemar. Padahal awan hujan ini merupakan salah satu mata rantai siklus ketersediaan air di sungai, danau dan air bawah tanah.

Polusi pada makanan dan airpun tidak kalah mengerikan daripada pencemaran udara. Limbah industri, sisa penggunaan bahan kimia pertanian seperti pestisida / herbisida, pupuk kimia, sampah organik dan sisa hasil tambang, maupun sampah radio aktif, meracuni dan mencemarkan sungai-sungai dan cadangan air bawah tanah.

Bagaimana cara mengetahui kondisi kualitas air?

Kualitas air dapat diketahui dengan melakukan pengujian tertentu terhadap air tersebut. Pengujian yang biasa dilakukan adalah uji kimia, fisik, biologi, atau uji kenampakan (bau dan warna). Sayangnya, cara-cara pengujian tersebut memerlukan biaya yang cukup mahal, disamping prosedur pengujian yang tidak mudah. Ada cara praktis yang bisa dilakukan oleh setiap orang untuk menilai kualitas air, yaitu dengan melihat hewan air (makroinvertebrata) yang spesifik hidup pada air berkualitas baik.

Pengelolaan kualitas air dan pengendalian pencemaran air diselenggarakan secara terpadu dengan pendekatan ekosistem. Keterpaduan yang dimaksud adalah dilakukan pada tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengawasan, dan evaluasi.

Pengelolaan kualitas air dilakukan untuk menjamin kualitas air yang diinginkan sesuai peruntukannya agar tetap dalam kondisi alamiahnya. Pengendalian pencemaran air dilakukan untuk menjamin kualitas air agar sesuai dengan baku mutu air melalui upaya pencegahan dan penanggulangan pencemaran air serta pemulihan kualitas air. Upaya pengelolaan kualitas air dilakukan pada :

• Sumber air yang terdapat di dalam hutan lindung;
• Mata air yang terdapat di luar hutan lindung; dan
• Akuifer air tanah dalam.

Beberapa pengertian tentang kualitas air yang perlu diketahui;

1. Air adalah semua air yang terdapat di atas dan di bawah permukaan tanah, kecuali air laut dan air fosil;
2. Sumber air adalah wadah air yang terdapat di atas dan di bawah permukaan tanah, termasuk dalam pengertian ini akuifer, mata air, sungai, rawa, danau, situ, waduk, dan muara;
3. Pengelolaan kualitas air adalah upaya pemeliharaan air sehingga tercapai kualitas air yang diinginkan sesuai peruntukannya untuk menjamin agar kualitas air tetap dalam kondisi alamiahnya;
4. Pengendalian pencemaran air adalah upaya pencegahan dan penanggulangan pencemaran air serta pemulihan kualitas air untuk menjamin kualitas air agar sesuai dengan baku mutu air;
5. Mutu air adalah kondisi kualitas air yang diukur dan atau diuji berdasarkan parameter-parameter tertentu dan metoda tertentu berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku;
6. Kelas air adalah peringkat kualitas air yang dinilai masih layak untuk dimanfaatkan bagi peruntukan tertentu;
7. Kriteria mutu air adalah tolok ukur mutu air untuk setiap kelas air;
8. Rencana pendayagunaan air adalah rencana yang memuat potensi pemanfaatan atau penggunaan air, pencadangan air berdasarkan ketersediaannya, baik kualitas maupun kuantitas-nya, dan atau fungsi ekologis;
9. Baku mutu air adalah ukuran batas atau kadar makhluk hidup, zat, energi, atau komponen yang ada atau harus ada dan atau unsur pencemar yang ditenggang keberadaannya di dalam air;
10. Status mutu air adalah tingkat kondisi mutu air yang menunjukkan kondisi cemar atau kondisi baik pada suatu sumber air dalam waktu tertentu dengan membandingkan dengan baku mutu air yang ditetapkan;
11. Pencemaran air adalah masuknya atau dimasukkannya makhluk hidup, zat, energi dan atau komponen lain ke dalam air oleh kegiatan manusia, sehingga kualitas air turun sampai ke tingkat tertentu yang menyebabkan air tidak dapat berfungsi sesuai dengan peruntukannya;
12. Beban pencemaran adalah jumlah suatu unsur pencemar yang terkandung dalam air atau air limbah;
13. Daya tampung beban pencemaran adalah kemampuan air pada suatu sumber air, untuk menerima masukan beban pencemaran tanpa mengakibatkan air tersebut menjadi cemar;
14. Air limbah adalah sisa dari suatu hasil usaha dan atau kegiatan yang berwujud cair;
15. Baku mutu air limbah adalah ukuran batas atau kadar unsur pencemar dan atau jumlah unsur pencemar yang ditenggang keberadaannya dalam air limbah yang akan dibuang atau dilepas ke dalam sumber air dari suatu usaha dan atau kegiatan;

sumber : Aceh Pedia

Availibility of hidrologi's data and information that is equal to, accurate, timely and continual have become urgent charge for can shortly be rendered, as it were that is mandated in Water Resource Law No. 7 Years 2004. But is in fact until now hidrologi's data quality whatever available, can be said in common still low. So to render that aspiration has to be backed up by hidrologi's management effort that more professional starts from Center until Region zoom.

hidrologi's management constitute activity that ranges planning, stocktaking, processing, exploit, preserve and datas good observation and hidrologi's information, post / hidrologi's building, including equipment hidrologi as part of water resource management. Between negative impact of industrial, issue gases to discard vehicle, and also mining is its happening sacrilege air. Progressively long time airs / saturated atmosfir bumii with pencemar's materials, therefore even rain cumulus will begrimed. Eventually this rain cloud constitutes one of accessibility cycle link water at an river, lake and well water.

Pollution on alimentary and even water not horrible defeat than adulterating air. Industrial waste, chemical material purpose rest agricultural as pesticide / herbicide, chemical manure, organic waste and residuary yielding mine, and also waste radio active, poison and profanes river and well water reserves.

How to know water quality condition? 

Water quality can be known by undertaking particular examination to that water. Ordinary examination is done is chemical quiz, physical, biological, or feature quiz (odor and color). Unhappily, make the point that examination costs money that enough expensive, over and above procedural examination which is not easily. There is practical trick that can be done by one any one to assess water quality, which is with see water animal (makroinvertebrata) one that living specific on good qualified water.

Water quality management and water sacrilege operation is evened out cohesively with ecosystem approaching. Intended integrity be been done on planning phase, performing, observation, and evaluation.

Water quality management is done to secure desirable water quality appropriate its allotment that regular in condition its natural. Waters adulterating operation be done to secure that water quality according to water quality standard via preventive effort and tacling adulterating water and water quality cure. Quality management effort water is done on: 

• Water source that exists in lindung's forest;
• Wellspring that exists outside lindung's forest; and
• Akuifer is ground water in. 

Severally savvy about water quality that needs to be known;  

1. Water is all water that exists above and subsurface, but water goes out to sea and fossil water; 
2. Water source is water container that exists above and subsurface, including under this heading akuifer, wellspring, an river, swamp, lake, there, accumulating basin, and estuary;
3. Water quality management is water preserve effort so reached by desirable water quality appropriate its allotment to secure that water quality makes a abode in condition its natural; 
4. Waters adulterating operation be preventive effort and tacling adulterating water and water quality cure to secure that water quality according to water quality standard; 
5. Water quality is water quality condition that is measured and or is tested bases particular parameter and particular method base prevailing legislation regulation; 
6. Water class is water quality rating that is assessed is still reasonable to be utilized for allotment one particular; 
7. Water quality criterion is water quality yardstick for each water class; 
8. Water utilization plan is strategical one load exploit potency or water purpose, water reserve bases its accessibility, well quality and also its amount, and or ecological function; 
9. Water quality standard is size bounds or living thing rate, substance, energy, or aught component or has available and or element pencemar what do at considerate its existence underwater;
10. Water quality state is level condition of water quality that point out taint or good condition condition at one particular water source in the period of particular by compares with water quality standard that specified; 
11. Water sacrilege is its input or be inserted living thing, substance, energy and or other component into water by man activity, so water quality is down get to causative particular zoom water can't function to correspond to its allotment; 
12. Adulterating charges is total a pencemar's element that consists in water or waste water; 
13. Energy keeps all sacrilege charges be water ability at one particular water source, to accept adulterating charges entry without incurring hydro that becomes taint; 
14. Waste water is residuary of an effort result and or tangible activity molten; 

Water quality standard waste is size bounds or pencemar's element rate and or pencemar's element amount that at considerate its existence in waste water that will be discarded or is taken down into water source of an effort and or activity;

source : Aceh Pedia

0 Parameter Kualitas Air Bersih - Fresh Water quality parameter

Parameter Kualitas Air Bersih

Dalam menentukan Kualitas Air Bersih dikenal 3 parameter utama yaitu: (1) Oksigen terlarut (OT) atau Dissolved Oxygen (DO), (2) Kebutuhan Oksigen Biologis (KOB) atau Biologycal Oxygen Demand (BOD) dan (3) Kebutuhan Oksigen Kimia (KOK) atau Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).

Oksigen terlarut (OT) atau Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Oksigen merupakan parameter yang sangat penting dalam air. Sebagian besar makhluk hidup dalam air membutuhkan oksigen untuk mempertahankan hidupnya, baik tanaman maupun hewan air, bergantung kepada oksigen yang terlarut. Ikan merupakan makhluk air dengan kebutuhan oksigen tertinggi, kemudian invertebrata, dan yang terkecil kebutuhan oksigennya adalah bakteri.

Keseimbangan oksigen terlarut (OT) dalam air secara alamiah terjadi secara bekesinambungan. Mikoorganisme sebagai makhluk terkecil dalam air, untuk pertumbuhannya membutuhkan sumber energi yaitu unsur karbon (C) yang dapat diperoleh dari bahan organik yang berasal dari tanaman, ganggang yang mati, maupun oksigen dari udara.

Bahan organik tersebut oleh mikroorganisme akan duraikan menadi karbon dioksida (CO2) dan air (H2O). CO2 selanjutnya dimanfaatkan oleh tanaman dalam air untuk proses fotosintesis membentuk oksigen, dan seterusnya.

Oksigen yang dimanfaatkan untuk proses penguraian bahan organik tersebut akan diganti oleh oksigen yang masuk dari udara maupun dari sumber lainnya secepat habisnya oksigen terlarut yang digunakan oleh bakteri atau dengan kata lain oksigen yang diambil oleh biota air selalu setimbang dengan oksigen yang masuk dari udara maupun dari hasil fotosintesa tanaman air.

Apabila pada suatu saat bahan organik dalam air menjadi berlebih sebagai akibat masuknya limbah aktivitas manusia (seperti limbah organik dari industri), yang berarti suplai karbon (C) melimpah, menyebabkan kecepatan pertumbuhan mikroorganisme akan berlipat ganda, yang berati juga meningkatnya kebutuhan oksigen, sementara suplai oksigen dari udara jumlahnya tetap. Pada kondisi seperti ini, kesetimbangan antara oksigen yang masuk ke air dengan yang dimanfaatkan oleh biota air tidak setimbang, akibatnya terjadi defisit oksigen terlarut dalam air. Bila penurunan oksigen terlarut tetap berlanjut hingga nol, biota air yang membutuhkan oksigen (aerobik) akan mati, dan digantikan dengan tumbuhnya mikroba yang tidak membutuhkan oksigen atau mikroba anerobik. Sama halnya dengan mikroba aerobik, mikroba anaerobik juga akan memanfatkan karbon dari bahan organik. Dari respirasi anaerobik ini terbentuk gas metana (CH4) disamping terbentuk gas asam sulfida (H2S) yang berbau busuk.

Masuknya zat terlarut lain dalam air mengganggu kelarutan oksigen dalam air

BOD dan COD

Untuk menentukan tingkat penurunan kualitas air dapat dilihat dari penurunan kadar oksigen terlatut (OT) sebagai akibat masuknya bahan organik dari luar, umumnya digunakan uji BOD dan atau COD.

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) atau kebutuhan oksigen biologis (KOB) menunjukkan jumlah oksigen terlarut yang dibutuhkan oleh mikroorganisme hidup untuk memecah atau mengoksidasi bahan organik dalam air.

Oleh karena itu, nilai BOD bukanlah merupakan nilai yang menujukkan jumlah atau kadar bahan organik dalam air, tetapi mengukur secara relative jumlah oksigen yang dibutuhkan oleh mikroorganisme untuk mengoksidasi atau menguraikan bahan-bahan organik tersebut. BOD tinggi menunjukkan bahwa jumlah oksigen yang dibutuhkan oleh mikroorganisme untuk mengoksidasi bahan organik dalam air tersebut tinggi, berarti dalam air sudah terjadi defisit oksigen. Banyaknya mikroorganisme yang tumbuh dalam air disebabkan banyaknya makanan yang tersedia (bahan organik), oleh karena itu secara tidak langsung BOD selalu dikaitkan dengan kadar bahan organik dalam air.

BOD5 merupakan penentuan kadar BOD baku yaitu pengukuran jumlah oksigen yang dihabiskan dalam waktu lima hari oleh mikroorganisme pengurai secara aerobic dalam suatu volume air pada suhu 20 derajat Celcius. 

BOD5 500mg/liter (atau ppm) berarti 500 mgram oksigen akan dihabiskan oleh mikroorganisme dalam satu liter contoh air selama waktu lima hari pada suhu 20 derajat Celcius.

Beberapa dasar yang sering digunakan untuk menentukan kualitas air dilihat dari kadar BOD adalah:

Erat kaitannya dengan BOD adalah COD. Dalam bahan buangan, tidak semua bahan kimia organik dapat diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme secara cepat.

Bahan organik dalam air bersifat:

• Dapat diuraikan oleh bakteri (biodegradasi) dalam waktu lima hari
• Bahan organik yang tidak teruraikan oleh bakteri dalam waktu lima hari
• Bahan organik yang tidak mengalami biodegradasi

Uji COD ini meliputi semua bahan organik di atas, baik yang dapat diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme maupun yang tidak dapat diuraikan. Oleh karena itu hasil uji COD akan lebih tinggi dari hasil uji BOD.

sumber : kimia dahsyat blog

Fresh Water quality parameter

In determine Fresh Water quality is known 3 main parameters which is: (1 ) dissolved Oxygens (OT) or dissolved Oxygen (DO), (2 ) Biologis's Oxygen requirement (KOB) or Biologycal Oxygen Demand (BOD) and (3 ) Chemical Oxygen requirements (SHUTTLECOCK) or Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).

Dissolved oxygen (OT) or dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Oxygen constitutes parameter that momentously deep water. Largely living thing in water needs oxygen to live on it, well plant and also water animal, depend on dissolved oxygen. Fish constitutes water creature with oxygen the need supreme, then invertebrata, and one most oxygen requirement little it is bacteria.

Balance dissolved oxygen (OT) in artless ala water become by bekesinambungan's ala. Mikoorganisme as creature most waters deep little, for growth it needs energy source which is carbon element (C ) obtainable of indigenous organic matter plant, off algae, and also oxygen from the air.

That organic matter by microorganism that duraikan menadi will carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). CO2 hereafter being utilized by plant in water to process photosynthesis forms oxygen, and so on.

Exploited oxygen for that organic matter decomposition process will be substituted by ingoing oxygen from the air and also of another source as soon as is gone dissolved oxygen that utilized by bacteria or in other words oxygen which took by biota water always in balance with incoming oxygen from the air and also of yielding fotosintesa water plant.

If at the moment organic matter in water becomes luxuriant consequent its input human activity waste (as waste of organic of industry), that supply matter decarbonizes (C ) abundant, causing microorganism growth speed will folded double, one that weights also increase it oxygen requirement, while oxygen supply from the air its amount makes a abode. On condition as it, kesetimbangan among incoming oxygen goes to water with which utilized by biota water not in balance, accordingly happens oxygen deficit most water-soluble. If constant dissolved oxygen decrease continued until zero, biota is water that needs oxygen (aerobic) will dead, and replaced by its growing microbe that doesn't need anerobik's oxygen or microbe. The same as with aerobic microbe, anaerobic microbe memanfatkan will also decarbonize from organic matter. From respirasi this anaerobic is molded methane (CH4) over and above molded gas acid sulfide (H2S) one that stink.

Substance's input is dissolved other deep water troubles oxygen solubility in water

BOD and COD

To determine quality decrease zoom water can be seen from oxygen rate decrease terlatut (OT) arising out input it organic matter from outside, generally been utilized BOD'S quiz and or COD.

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) or biologis's oxygen requirement (KOB) point out total needed dissolved oxygen by life microorganism to break down or mengoksidasi is organic matter in water.

Therefore, BOD'S point are not constituting point that menujukkan totals or organic matter rate in water, but measures relative's ala totals needed oxygen by microorganism for mengoksidasi or describes that organic matter. BOD talling to point out that needed oxygen amount by microorganism for mengoksidasi organic matter in that water is tall, matter in water being become by oxygen deficit. A lot of it growing microorganism deep water is caused a lot of it available food (organic matter), therefore at second hand BOD does ever be concerned by organic matter rate in water.

BOD5 constitutes BOD'S rate determination standard which is oxygen amount measurement that is eaten up in the period of five days by pengurai's microorganisms aerobic's alae in a water volume on temperature 20 Celcius's degrees.

BOD5 500mg / liter (or ppm) matter 500 mgram oxygens will be eaten up by microorganisms in one liter samples water one a long time five days on temperature 20 Celcius's degrees.

Severally base frequent one to be utilized to determine water quality is seen of rate BOD is:

Hand in glove bearing it with BOD is COD. In buangan's material, are not all material organic chemistry get to be described by microorganism rapid fire.

Organic matter in water gets character:

• Can be described by bacteria (biodegradasi) in the period of five days
• Irresolvable organic matter by bacteria in the period of five days
• Organic matter that doesn't experience biodegradasi

This COD'S quiz covers all above organic matter, well decomposable by microorganism and also that can't be described. Therefore COD'S quiz result will overbid from BOD'S quiz result.

0 Kualitas Air - water quality

Air merupakan salah satu komponen penting dalam kehidupan manusia, karenanya mengonsumsi air yang bersih menjadi faktor keharusan tersendiri. Lalu bagaimana cara mengetahui suatu air bersih atau tidak?

Tidak semua daerah di Indonesia terutama di Jakarta memiliki kualitas air yang baik, padahal air digunakan untuk berbagai macam kegiatan dan salah satunya untuk minum. Karena itu kebersihan air yang diminum akan mempengaruhi kesehatan seseorang.

Sedangkan untuk senyawa-senyawa kimia seperti logam berat biasanya akan kelihatan dan berbau. Misalnya untuk logam Fe (besi) atau mangan, begitu air tersebut ditampung akan terlihat seperti ada lapisan kaca atau minyak di aatsnya. Jika didiamkan beberapa lama akan timbul endapan coklat di pinggiran ember atau panci. Tapi untuk senyawa kimia seperti Arsen umumnya tidak berwarna.

Air yang digunakan oleh masyarakat untuk kegiatan sehari-hari dan juga air minum juga berbeda-beda, ada yang menggunakan air tanah dangkal atau dalam serta air PAM.

Sedangkan untuk air PAM bahan baku yang digunakan biasanya berasal dari air sungai. Seperti diketahui beban air sungai saat ini cukup berat karena dari hulunya sudah tercemar oleh limbah rumah tangga, industri dan pestisida hutan, sehingga kinerja penyaringannya pun makin berat.

Berdasarkan survei yang dilakukan oleh Unilever yang bekerja sama dengan Sucofindo pada tahun 2009 di 300 sumber air tanah di wilayah Jabodetabek dan Bandung didapatkan hasil 48 persen air tanah di Jabodetabek dan Bandung mengandung bakteri coliform, dan 50 persen air tanah memiliki tingkat pH yang rendah dan diluar ambang batas wajar.

Sumber : Detik health

Water constitutes one of essential component in human life, hence consume clear water as alone compulsion factor. Then how to knows a fresh water or not?

Are not all region at Indonesian especially at Jakarta has good water quality, eventually water is utilized to a variety activity kind and one of it for drinks. In consequence water hygiene that is drunk will regard someone health.

Meanwhile for chemical compound as heavy metal usually will visible and smelly. E.g. for Fe's metal (iron) or manganese, so that water is kept all will appear to be there is glaze or oil at aatsnya. If idled by a long moment will arise chocolate sediment at brimming pail or pan. But for chemical compound as Arsenic by and large colourless.

Water that utilized by society for knockabout activity and also drinking water also different, there is that utilize shallow ground water or deep and PAM'S water.

Meanwhile for PAM'S water raw material that is utilized usually indigenous water an river. As acknowledged as current river water charges enough heavy for from upstream it was begrimed by family waste, industry and forest pesticide, so its winnow performance even gets weight.

Base survey that did by Unilever what do work equal to Sucofindo on year 2009 at 300 ground water source at territorial Jabodetabek and Bandung was gotten to usufruct 48 ground water percent at Jabodetabek and Bandung contains coliform's bacteria, and 50 ground water percent have to increase pH that low and openair fairly bounds sill.

0 WATER QUALITY OBSERVATION - PENGAWASAN KUALITAS AIR

1. PENDAHULUAN

Dalam Undang-undang nomor 23 tahun 1992 tentang kesehatan pada pasal 22 ayat 23 mengatakanbahwa Penyehatan Air meliputi pengamanan dan penetapan kualitas air untuk berbagai kebutuhan hidup manusia.Upaya penyehatan air bertujuan untuk menjamin tersedianya air minum ataupun air bersih yang memenuhi persyaratan kesehatan bagi seluruh masyarakat baik perkotaan maupun pedesaan. Untuk menjamin tersedianyakualitas air yang memenuhi persyaratan tersebut, berbagai upaya telah dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah maupunmasyarakat, seperti pembangunan dan perbaikan sarana air bersih/air minum, Upaya pengawasan kualitas air dan penyuluhan–penyuluhan mengenai hubungan kesehatan dengan tersedianya air yang memenuhi persyaratan kesehatan.

Salah satu aspek yang sangat esensial untuk terjaminnya kualitas air yang memenuhi persyaratan tersebut adalah tersedianya suatu perangkat yang dapat nengatur dan mengawasi pihak yang memproduksi air dan pihak konsumen, yang meliputihak, kewajiban dan tanggung jawab masing-masing demi terjaminnya kuantitas dan kualitas air. Sejauh ini, beberapa Dati II di Indonesia telah mengembangkan dan membuat peraturan Daerah tentang pengawasan kualitas air di Dati II masing-masing, sebagian telah berjalan dengan cukup baik sisanya masih berupa SK kepala Daerah, sedangkan daerah lainnya masih belum mempunyai peraturan dimaksud.

Melihat kondisi yang demikian, Departemen Kesehatan RI dalam hal ini Direktorat Jenderal PPM & PLP penyusun suatu pedoman teknis yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh pemerintah Zdaerahh sebagai acuan untuk menyusun Peraturan Daerah tentang pengawasan kualitas air di Dati II masing-masing.

2. Pedoman Teknis ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pedoman yang berisi muatan teknis dalam rangka menyusun Peraturan Daerah Tingkat II tentang TUJUAN pengawasan kualitas air , yang dapat disesuaikan dengan kondisi, kemampuan dan tersedianya fasilitas di daerah.

3. PENGERTIAN

1) Pedoman Teknis : Pedoman tentang hal-hal teknis yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan sebagaimana diatur dalam PerMenkes nomor 416 tahun 1990 tentang syarat-syarat dan pengawasan kualitas air.

2) Perda : Peraturan Daerah Tingkat II tentang Pengawasan kualitas air.

3) Pemda : Pemerintah Daerah tingkat II Kabupaten / Kotamadya.

4) Air minum adalah air yang kualitasnya memenuhi syarat kesehatan dan dapat langsung diminum.

5) Air Bersih adalah air yang digunakan keperluan sehari-hari yang kualitasnya memenuhi syarat kesehatan dan dapat diminum apabila dimasak.

6) Air Kolan renang adalah air didalam kolam renang yang digunakan untuk olah raga renang dan kualitasnya memenuhi syarat kesehatan.

7) Air pemandian Umum adalah air yang digunakan pada tempat-tempat pemandian bagi umum tidak termasuk pemandian untuk pengobatan tradisional dan kolam renang, yang kualitasnya memenuhi syarat kesehatan.

8) Laboratorium adalah tempat untuk melakukan pemeriksaan contoh air secara fisika, kimia dan bakteriologis.

4. DASAR HUKUM

1) UU . Darurat no 12 Darurat Tahun 1957, Tentang Peraturan Umum Retribusi Daerah.

2) UU.no 5 Tahun 1974, tentang pokok-pokok Pemerintahan di Daerah.

3) UU. No 4 Tahun 1982, tentang ketentuan pokok Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.

4) UU, no 23 tahun 1992 tentang kesehatan.

5) Peraturan pemerintah no 7 tahun 1987tetang penyerahan sebagian urusan pemerintah dalam bidang kesehatan

kepada Daerah.

6) Peraturan pemerintah no 20 tahun 1990 ,tetang pengendalian pencemaran Air.

7) Keputusan bersama Menteri Kesehatan dan Menteri Kependudukan dan lingkungan hidup / badan Pengendalian Dampak lingkungan nomor 103/Menkes/SKB/II/1993. Nomor Kep./09/BAPEDA/02/1993, tentang Pelaksanaan Pemamtauan Dampak Lingkungan.

8) Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan no 416 Tahun 1990, tentang syarat-syarat dan pengawasan kualitas Air.

9) Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan no 061/Menkes/Per/I/1991 tetang persyaratan kolam renang.

10) Keputusan Sekjen Depkes no 0347/SJ/SK/Lapkes/III/92, tentang jenis-jenis pemeriksaan dan besarnya biaya bahan dan alat untuk tarif pemeriksaan laboratorium .

11) Keputusan Mendagri no 21 Tahun 1994 tentang pedoman Organisasi dan Tata kerja dinas kesehatan.

sumber :

DIREKTORAT JENDERAL PPM & PLP

DEPARTEMEN KESEHATAN

1977

1. FOREWORD

In number Law 23 years 1992 about healths on section 22 sentences 23 say that Penyehatan Water covers security and water quality establishment for various requirement lives man. penyehatan's effort water aims to secure most actually drinking water or fresh water even that accomplishes health stipubting for all urbans good society and also rural. To secure most actually water quality that qualifies that, a variety effort was performed by government and also society, as development and fixed up fresh water medium / drinking water, Qualities supervisory effort water and penyuluhan–penyuluhan hits health relationship with most actually water which qualify health.

One of aspect which really essential for its indemnity bond water quality that qualifies that is most actually a peripheral who that nengatur can and keep company party that memproduksi water and consumer party, one that meliputihak, liabilities and accountability each by its indemnity bond amount and water quality. So far, severally Dati II. at Indonesia has developed and makes Region regulation about water quality observation at Dati II. each, partly was walking with passably its rest still as SK Region head, meanwhile another region stills haven't had intended regulation.

Seeing such condition, RI's health department in this case PPM'S General directorate & PLP compiler a technical guidance that can be utilized by Zdaerahh's government as referenced as for arranging Region regulation about water quality observation at Dati II. each.

2. This Technical guidance aims to give meaty guidance technical content in frame arranges Region regulation Increase II. about TO THE EFFECT water quality observation, one that gets to be adjusted by condition, ability and most actually facility at region.

3. SAVVY

1 ) Technical Guidances: Guidance about technical things that is engaged health as it were ruled in PerMenkes number 416 years 1990 about requisite and water quality observations.

2 ) Perda: Region regulation Increases II. about water quality Observation.

3 ) Local Governments: Level local government II. Regency / Municipality.

4 ) Drinking Water are waters that its quality measure up health and gets directly be drunk.

5 ) Fresh Water are water that utilized by knockabout need that its quality measure up health and

can be drunk if is cooked.

6 ) Kolan's Waters bathing is waters at deep swimming pool which is utilized for bathing and quality sport it up the mark health.

7 ) Common bath Waters are water those are utilized on bath place for generically excluding

bath for traditional cure and swimming pool, one that its quality measures up health.

8 ) Laboratory are places to do water example checks physics alae, chemical and bakteriologis.

4. JURISDICTIONAL BASIC

1 ) UU. Emergency no. 12 Year Emergency 1957, About about Region Retribution overall order.

2 ) UU.no 5 Years 1974, about Governance dicta at Region.

3 ) UU. No. 4 Years 1982, about Management subject rule Environment.

4 ) UU, no. 23 years 1992 about health.

5 ) commanding regulations no. 7 1987tetang's years hand over plays favorites government business in health area

to Region.

6 ) commanding regulations no. 20 years 1990,tetang is Water sacrilege operation.

7 ) decisions with Minister For Public Health and demography and environment Minister / Operation body

Numbers environmental impact 103 / Menkes / SKB / II. / 1993. Kep. /'s number 09 / BAPEDA / 02 / 1993, about Performing

Pemamtauan is Environment Impact.

8 ) Minister For Public Health regulation no. 416 Years 1990, about requisite and Water quality observations.

9 ) Minister For Public Health regulation no. 061 / Menkes / About / i. / 1991 tetang swimming pool stipubtings.

10) Depkes's secretary general decision no. 0347 / III. SJ / SK / Lapkes / / 92, about check type and outgrows it costs

material and tool for laboratory check rate.

11) Mendagri's decision no. 21 Years 1994 about Organization and Administration guidance on duty health.